What is Photocatalyst ?

Photo-Catalysis is defined as "acceleration by the presence of as catalyst". A catalyst does not change in itself or is consumed in the chemical reaction.

Chlorophyll of plants is a type of photocatalyst. Photocatalysis compared to photosynthesis: chlorophyll captures sunlight to turn water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and glucose, photocatalysis creates a strong oxidation agent to breakdown any organic matter to carbon dioxide and water in the presence of a photocatalyst, plus the UV rays from either the sun or an artificial light source (such as fluorescent lights).

Mechanism

When photocatalyst titanium dioxide (TiO2) absorbs Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight or an illuminated light source (fluorescent lamps), it will produce pairs of electrons and holes.
The electron of the valence band of titanium dioxide becomes excited when illuminated by light. The excess energy of this excited electron promotes the electron to the conduction band of  titanium dioxide thereby creating the negative-electron (e-) and positive-hole (h+) pair. This stage is referred to as the semiconductor's "photo-excitation " state. The energy difference between the valence band and the conduction band is known as the ' Band Gap '. Wavelength of the light necessary for photo-excitation is: 
1240 (Planck's constant, h) / 3.2 ev (band gap energy) = 388 nm

The positive-hole of titanium dioxide breaks apart the water molecule to form hydrogen gas and hydroxyl radical. The negative-electron reacts with oxygen molecule to form a super oxide anion. This cycle continues when light is available.

Photocatalytic Oxidation

The most powerful advanced oxidation systems are based on the generation of hydroxyl radicals. The hydroxyl radical is an extremely powerful oxidation agent, second only to Fluorine in power (2.23 in Relative Oxidizing Power). Following is a listing of common chemical oxidants, placed in the order of their oxidizing strength:

Compound	Oxidation Potential (volts)
Hydroxyl Radical	2.8
Sulfate Radical	2.6
Ozone	2.1
Hydrogen Peroxide	1.8
Permanganate	1.7
Chlorine Dioxide	1.5
Chlorine	1.4
Oxygen	1.2
Bromine	1.1
Iodine	0.76

 

Utilizing the strong oxidation strength of hydroxyl radical, photocatalytic oxidation can effectively disinfect, deodorize, and purify air, water, and different surface areas.

Super-Hydrophilic

When the surface of photocatalytic film is exposed to light, the contact angle of the photocatalyst surface with water is reduced gradually. After enough exposure to light, the surface reaches super-hydrophilic. In other words, it does not repel water at all, so water cannot exist in the shape of a drop, but spreads flatly on the surface of the substrate: water takes the form of a highly uniform thin film, which behaves optically like a clear sheet of glass.

The hydrophilic nature of titanium dioxide, coupled with the gravity, will enable the dust particles to be swept away following the water stream, thus making the product self-cleaning.

 

 Why is Green Quest photocatalyst treatment  semi-permanent? 
  

Although it is originally water-soluble, it dries quickly after application and becomes water-insoluble. It also becomes as hard as a 4H pencil in ten to fourteen days after application. It does not come off unless the surface is polished. Even a bathroom can be used immediately after application. Because titanium oxide is merely a catalyst and is not changed, its effect is semi-permanent except when walls and ceilings are repainted, or if a strong cleaning agent is used. 
 
How long does Green Quest photocatalyst treatment last after application? 

 Since photocatalyst TiO2 is only acting as semi-conductor catalyst, it is not consumed during the oxidation process, therefore, completing a long lasting oxidation cycle. Green Quest is now offering a five years product and services warranty.  
   
Is Green Quest photocatalyst treatment safe?

   Yes , it will be no harm of direct touching the material or having direct contact with it after its drying time. The material is totally safe and the titanium dioxide used is FDA approved (refer to EPA certified toxicity lab report). 

 Where can Green Quest photocatalyst treatments be applied?

 Green Quest provides photocatalyst surface coating for long-lasting effects of deodorization, sterilization, and anti-soiling purposes. Using our specialized spray-coating equipments, a fine mist of photocatalyst can be applied on different types of surface materials achieving a guaranteed result.

In Automobiles,  Building Exteriors
Photocatalyst can deodorize the interior and gives the driver and passengers a more pleasant driving experience. Odors embedded in the carpet and seats will eventually be decomposed and rid the car these unpleasant odors.

•  Company Cars 
   Public transportation (buses, trains, airplanes, taxis) 
   Rental cars 
   Limousines    

Green Quest's Nano-TiO2 Photocatalyst can be applied on the exterior of a building to treat and prevent unsightly damages caused by acid rain, moisture, and smog. It cuts down on the overall maintenance cost and time. 

• Hotels and motels
  High-rise buildings
  Apartments
  Condos 
  Commercial business complexes  

Green Quest's Nano-TiO2 Photocatalyst decomposes odor molecules caused by tobacco smoke, pets, chemicals in detergents, urine and fecal matters. Photocatalyst will continuously deodorize your living space and eliminates the sources of your malodors. 

•  Restaurant 
   Public restrooms 
   Hotel and motel rooms 
   Senior Centers
   Shops and animal hospitals    

 

• With a constant amount of light provided, Green Quest's Nano-TiO2 photocatalyst can control and prevent the growth of bacteria, germ, and mold. Any harmful bacteria and germ would be killed and eventually be decomposed in this sterilized condition. 
   
• Hospital 
  Schools
  Public Restrooms
  Restaurant 
   Day-Care centers 
   
  How does Green Quest photocatalyst treatment compare to traditional air purification system?

HEPA (High Efficiency Particle Arresting) Filter
Most widely known method for purifying air. Depending on the filter size, it can clean up to 99.99% of particulate in the air with proper ventilation. They are not effective on treating mold, mildew, bacteria, and other fungi.

Electrostatic Filtration
Another filtration system with a negatively charged surface is used to attract particulates. In comparison to most HEPA systems it is more effective in trapping smaller micron particulates and is effective in clearing smoke from the air. Low levels of ozone may be produced which can neutralize most mold, mildew, bacteria, and other fungi that comes in contact with the filter.

Ionization
Also uses a negatively charged surface to produce and expel an abundance of negative ions and cause suspended particles to cling to walls, floors, and other surfaces . Most ionizes are effective in settling dust and particulates out of our breathing space.

Ozone
Ozone is a very powerful oxidizer that will neutralize odors, mold, mildew, bacteria, and other fungi. This technology is commonly used in flood and fire restoration. Ozone is found to be effective because it works on the problem at the source and air does not have to be pulled through the unit for treatment.

UV Germicidal Lamps
Commonly used for disinfectant purposes. This technology is effective in sterilizing air and surfaces that come in contact with the UV light. UV has been proven in both air and water applications to inactivate bacteria and viruses to prevent them from reproducing.

Photocatalysis
Using light to react with a catalyst resulting in oxidation. This is found to be effective in destroying mold, mildew, bacteria, other fungi, dust mites, and many odors. This technology is produced with an Ozone/UV lamp set in a variety of combinations. When this type of photocatalysis is combined with the natural humidity in indoor air, it creates hydroxyl radicals and super oxide ions that are effective in combating bacteria, fungi and VOCs(volatile organic compounds). This method is also a pro-active approach that goes to the source for treatment. 

 

Item	Hepa Filter	Electrostatic	Ozone	UV	Ionizer	Photocatalysis
Mold	Poor	Good	Good	Good	Poor	Excellent
Bacteria	Poor	Good	Good	Good	Poor	Excellent
Dust Mites	Poor	Poor	Poor	Good	Poor	Excellent
Gases	Poor	Poor	Good	Good	Poor	Excellent
Odors	Poor	Good	Good	Poor	Good	Excellent
Smoke	Good	Good	Good	Poor	Excellent	Good
VOCs	Poor	Poor	Good	Good	Poor	Excellent
Pet Dander	Good	Good	Good	Good	Good	Excellent

 

 What factors may influence the efficiency of Green Quest photocatalyst treatment?

 Light and airflow will have a remarkable influence over the reaction of the photocatalyst. Both factors are needed to maintain the coating effectiveness all the time. From that, the better airflow you have (air circulation which can be obtained by using an ordinary fan or the normal air movement from central air) and the longer light times, the better the results will be.
 
What is Indoor Air Pollution?
 

Research indicates that people spend approximately 80 ~ 90 percent of their time indoors, where they are exposed to polluted indoor air that may cause irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat, headaches, dizziness, fatigue, and even lung cancer or other malignancies. Recent studies reveal that bacteria, molds and house dust mites are breeding inside carpets and air conditioners and can be airborne by dust particles. Paints, varnishes, harmful chemical fibers and pressed wood products, which are most commonly used in household decoration, may emit formaldehyde, benzene and other hazardous and carcinogenic organic chemicals -- all these as well as unwholesome matters produced in the metabolism of human bodies and the ammonia inside toilets have made the air within homes and buildings more seriously polluted than the outdoor air.

People may experience one or more of the following reactions when exposed to indoor air pollution:

Allergic Reactions
Some common signs and symptoms are: 
· Watery eyes
· Runny nose and sneezing
· Nasal congestion
· Itching
· Coughing
· Wheezing and difficulty breathing
· Headaches
· Fatigue  

Infectious Reactions

Caused by bacteria and viruses, such as influenza, measles, chicken pox, and tuberculosis. Most infectious diseases pass from person to person through physical contact. Crowded conditions with poor air circulation can promote the spread of infectious diseases. Some bacteria and viruses thrive in buildings and circulate through indoor ventilation systems that have poor filtration systems in place or are not serviced regularly. 

Toxic Reactions

Some fungi are known to produce toxic substances as a by-product of their metabolism, which can cause a variety of adverse health effects. Short-term symptoms can include dermatitis, respiratory irritation, headaches and fatigue. Long-term health effects can include cancer, damage to the central nervous system, and suppression of the immune system.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ranks poor indoor air quality among the top five environmental risks to public health. Poor indoor air quality can cause or contribute to the development of chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma and pneumonitis. In addition, it can cause headaches, dry eyes, nasal congestion, nausea and fatigue. People who already have respiratory diseases are at greater risks.

What is Sick Building Syndrome? 

   The term " sick building syndrome " (SBS) is used to describe situations in which building occupants experience acute health and comfort effects that appear to be linked to time spent in a building, but no specific illness or cause can be identified.
The following have been cited causes of or contributing factors to sick building syndrome:

1. Inadequate ventilation
In an effort to achieve acceptable Indoor Air Quality or IAQ while minimizing energy consumption, the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) recently revised its ventilation standard to provide a minimum of 15 cfm of outdoor air per person (20 cfm/person in office spaces). Up to 60 cfm/person may be required in some spaces (such as smoking lounges) depending on the activities that normally occur in that space.

2. Chemical contaminants from indoors sources
Most indoor air pollution comes from sources inside the building. For example, adhesives, carpeting, upholstery, manufactured wood products, copy machines, pesticides, and cleaning agents may emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including formaldehyde. Environmental tobacco smoke contributes high levels of VOCs, other toxic compounds, and repairable particulate matter. Research shows that some VOCs can cause chronic and acute health effects at high concentrations, and some are known carcinogens. Low to moderate levels of multiple VOCs may also produce acute reactions. Combustion products such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, as well as respirable particles, can come from unvented kerosene and gas space heaters, wood stoves, fireplaces and gas stoves.

3. Chemical contaminants from outdoor sources
The outdoor air that enters a building can be a source of indoor air pollution. For example, pollutants from motor vehicle exhausts, plumbing vents, and building exhausts (e.g., bathrooms and kitchens) can enter the building through poorly located air intake vents, windows, doors, and other openings. In addition, combustion products and pollution can enter a building from a nearby garage, traffic from a busy street or highway, or a car that is idling.

4. Biological contaminants
Bacteria, molds, pollen, and viruses are types of biological contaminants. These contaminants may breed in stagnant water that has accumulated in ducts, humidifiers and drain pans, or where water has collected on ceiling tiles, carpeting, or insulation. Physical symptoms related to biological contamination include coughing, chest tightness, fever, chills, muscle aches, and allergic responses such as mucous membrane irritation and upper respiratory congestion.

 

 

Other Significant Usages for Photocatalysis

1. Anti-Bacterial Effect

Photocatalyst does not only kill bacteria cells, but also decompose the cell itself. The titanium dioxide photocatalyst has been found to be more effective than any other antibacterial agent, because the photocatalytic reaction works even when there are cells covering the surface and while the bacteria are actively propagating. The end toxin produced at the death of cell is also expected to be decomposed by photocatalytic action. Titanium dioxide does not deteriorate and it shows a long-term anti-bacterial effect. Generally speaking, disinfections by titanium oxide is three times stronger than chlorine, and 1.5 times stronger than ozone.

2. Deodorizing Effect

On the deodorizing application, the hydroxyl radicals accelerate the breakdown of any Volatile Organic Compounds or VOCs by destroying the molecular bonds. This will help combine the organic gases to form a single molecule that is not harmful to humans thus enhance the air cleaning efficiency. Some of the examples of odor molecules are: Tobacco odor, formaldehyde, nitrogen dioxide, urine and fecal odor, gasoline, and many other hydro carbon molecules in the atmosphere. 

Air purifier with Ti02 can prevent smoke and soil, pollen, bacteria, virus and harmful gas as well as seize the free bacteria in the air by a filtering percentage of 99.9% with the help of the highly oxidizing effect of photocatalyst (Ti02). 

3. Air Purifying Effect

The photocatalytic reactivity of titanium oxides can be applied for the reduction or elimination of polluted compounds in air such as NOx, cigarette smoke, as well as volatile compounds arising from various construction materials. Also, high photocatalytic reactivity can be applied to protect lamp-houses and walls in tunneling, as well as to prevent white tents from becoming sooty and dark. Atmospheric constituents such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and CFC substitutes, greenhouse gases, and nitrogenous and sulfurous compounds undergo photochemical reactions either directly or indirectly in the presence of sunlight. In these polluted areas, the pollutants can eventually be removed. 

4. Anti fogging, Self-Cleaning

Most of the exterior walls of buildings become soiled from automotive exhaust fumes, which contain oily components. When the original building materials are coated with a photocatalyst, a protective film of titanium provides the self-cleaning building by becoming antistatic, super oxidative, and hydrophilic. The hydrocarbon from automotive exhaust is oxidized and the dirt on the walls washes away with rainfall, keeping the building exterior clean at all times.

5. Water Purification

Photocatalyst coupled with UV lights can oxidize organic pollutants into nontoxic materials. CO2 and water and can disinfect certain bacteria. This technology is very effective at removing further hazardous organic compounds (TOCs) and at killing a variety of bacteria and some viruses in the secondary wastewater treatment. Pilot projects demonstrated that photocatalytic detoxification systems could effectively kill fecal coli form bacteria in secondary wastewater treatment.

Lab Results: 

• Bacteria Decomposition Test - Kyoto Microorganism Research Center
• Bacteria Decomposition Test - Japanese Chinaware Examination Association
• Bacteria Decomposition Test - Food Inspection Center of Osaka Hygienic Food Association
• Bacteria Decomposition Test - Kyoto Biseibutsu Kenkyujo (A specified laboratory by Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare)
• Oil Decomposition Test - Saga Ceramic Research Laboratory
• Gas Decomposition Test - Far Infrared Rays Application Research Center
• Toxicity Report - Enviro-Chem, Inc (A designated EPA certified laboratory)
• Stain Decomposition Test
• Particle Size

 

Researches from institutions:

 

· NASA - SpaceResearch - Securing the Home Planet

· Reducing MeBr Emissions with a Sheet Containing Titanium Dioxide

Industrial Reviews:

· CNN - Shuttle experiment leads to longer-lasting produce ...

· Special Reports > Residential Air Cleaning Devices > Appendix 3

· Annihilating Anthrax

· CUHK Research in Nanotechnology Serves the Community

· New Pollutant Cleanup Technique Puzzles, Pleases Chemists

· Nanotechnology: A new world of Matter

· UW Clean-Air Technology Headed For The Produce Section

· Smog-busting paint soaks up noxious gases

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1. What is titanium dioxide?  What is a photo catalyst?

 Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is an anti-microbial metal created by a process which crystallizes titanic iron ore into a nano liquid form.  When exposed to UV light in the sub 400 range, TiO2 becomes a photo catalyst oxidizer (PCO) as well which creates hydroxyl radicals and superoxide ions which are two times stronger disinfectants than chlorine and 1.5 times stronger a disinfectant than ozone. TiO2 is safe and widely used in many household products such as toothpaste, food,  and teeth whitening solutions. The advent of nano technology, in other words making tiny particles out of metals that can penetrate most surfaces, has lead to several Japanese patents utilizing this nano TiO-2 photocatalytic solution which has many wide ranging applications and has experienced years of successful use in the Japanese marketplace. For instance the government uses this solution in some public bathrooms to keep them smelling fresh and more importantly maintenance free. TiO2 coatings are applied to some highway guard rails to keep them looking new amidst constant bombardment from hydrocarbons and VOC's from vehicle exhaust. The outside of some Japanese high rises are treated with TiO2 solution to make the glass and metal maintenance free, no more need to clean the windows, they resist water and grime.  TiO2  coatings are also widely used in the healthcare, food, janitorial, auto, and construction business.  Many homeowners treat their mini-blinds, windows, furniture, bathrooms, showers, carpets, flooring, etc with similar TiO2 solutions to reap the benefits of VOC free, clean, fresh indoor air on top of the huge benefit of maintenance free surfaces. When microorganisms, smog, viruses, VOC, or any organic material comes in contact with the TiO2 treated surface, it also becomes oxidized.   Even fabrics treated with this revolutionary substance will not retain odors. Car interiors treated with Nano TiO2, even when submitted to second hand smoke from several people for prolonged periods of time, will not retain any tobacco odor.    

2. Are TiO2 coating  harmless to humans?  Is it harmless to pets?

Nano TiO2 liquid is completely harmless to human bodies and is actually used widely as a food additive. (View test results) Nano TiO2 liquid is made with a patented binding process that makes it possible for this liquid to penetrate and form a permanent bond with surfaces.  It is not for human consumption in this nano liquid form of course.  However, after it dries to form a film on a substance, it becomes one with the surface. Nano TiO2 liquid should not be applied directly on pets or animals. It can and should be used however to keep pet bedding from retaining odors.

 

3. After applied, does it produce any odor?  No, it does not have any odor. If applied to surfaces with for instance tobacco odors, those odors will go away. 
   

4. Does  this Nano TiO2 liquid have a shelf life? Basically, there is no shelf life .   This solution should be stored in a dark, cool environment long term however. 

5. How is this Nano TiO2 liquid applied? It can be brushed or sprayed onto surfaces. When applied to fabrics via spray, a brush should be used to work the solution into the fabric.  

6. After it is applied, how long does it last?  

The Titanium crystals in Nano TiO2 liquid form bonds that are semi-permanent.  In case of some materials that may undergo a physical peeling off by some force (such as carpets, mats, and clothing), it is recommended to reapply the solution every 3 years.  Generally speaking TiO-2 PCO Solution has a service life of 5-10 years or even longer on some surfaces that do not have a lot of contact.  Basically, our solution will out-live many materials such as curtains, carpets, shingles,etc.

7. Does Nano TiO2 liquid cause any fabric discoloration or any streaking effects on solid surfaces?

Nano TiO2 liquid can be applied to fabrics, curtains, carpets, woods, tiles, ceramics, glass, even metal and painted surfaces. If the surface is exposed to direct sunlight, do not apply to black or very dark colored surfaces as the oxidation process can remove some pigments from surfaces. Indoor light is not strong enough to cause this oxidative reaction on fabrics and surfaces however. When spraying any surface with Nano TiO2 liquid, it is always advisable to spray a small area first (test area) then allow to dry to make sure the solution does not react with the surface. Do not apply Nano TiO2 liquid to leather, silk, or fine garments. Once you are confident that the fabric or material can safely be treated, spray the surface until it is completely moistened then brush in with any type of brush to work the Nano TiO2 liquid into the fabric. If applied to non fabric surfaces (plastic, metal, glass, etc) the initial coat will leave a fine milky residue.  Allow the area to completely dry then wait several hours and wipe the area with a damp cloth.   

8. How long does it take it to dry?  

A film will have formed once the liquid has completely disappeared.  The time needed for this to occur (evaporation time) will be  varies with temperature, wind, and film thickness. Generally speaking, it only takes 5-15 minutes to dry on solid surfaces and around 1 hour or longer to dry on fabrics. Use a blow dryer to speed up the drying process as well as aid with the bonding process.  

 9.  How long does Nano TiO2 liquid have be exposed to light before it released oxidizers into the air to get rid of indoor air pollution?

Studies have shown that this Nano TiO2 liquid will actively begin creating hydroxyl radicals and superoxide ions when exposed to ultraviolet rays in the sub 400nm range.  Regular house lights will even activate the TiO2's disinfectant effect to a minor extent, especially florescent type lamps such as those found in many kitchens. However it's direct sunlight, UV radiation, and black lights (UVA) that create the most oxidizers  Hydroxyl radicals and superoxide ions do not give off a strong beech like ozone does but they do aggressively go after odors and air pollution better than ozone or chlorine. 

10. Does Nano TiO2 liquid remove odors from the air? From fabrics?

 The surface area of titanium dioxide per gram is about 300um (equivalent to that of activated charcoal).  When  exposed to light, Nano TiO2 liquid will create -OH (hydroxyl radical) and O- (super oxide ions) which will decompose the substances which are creating the odor. The principal difference between titanium dioxide and other odor adsorbing substances including activated carbons  is that titanium dioxide will repeats this disinfectant function semi-permanently vs. activated carbon and other adsorbing substances such as Zeolite which lose their effectiveness once they're full of absorbed substances.  

11.How does Nano TiO2 liquid prevent and remove contamination from surfaces?   The reason why airborne contaminants such as second hand smoke, car exhaust, molds, VOC's, viruses, bacteria, etc cannot adhere to surfaces treated with Nano TiO2 liquid is that they become oxidized by the photo-catalytic oxidation and float away as harmless substances.  

 

 

 

12. Why does Nano TiO2 liquid have a  sterilizing and anti-microbial effect? 

The old standard for killing airborne microorganisms has been strong UVC radiation. (Over 20,000 microwatt's of UVGI per second) UVC germicidal radiation kills microbes  by destroying their DNA.  However, some microorganism, anthrax most notably, have very strong DNA coatings and can resist even 30,000 microwatt's of UVGI.  Our Nano TiO2 liquid works in a different way.  Titanium dioxide decomposes and destroys the cell membrane, not the DNA. Most microbes are single celled organisms so they die quickly when any part of them comes in contact with a coated surface.  Accordingly, titanium dioxide even kills MRSA (Staphylococcus Aureus)  a major cause of hospital infections. Our TiO2 solution has also been proven to even kill other types of  microbes that are not even killed by antibiotics! (TiO2 is not selective on types of microorganism it kills, it kills them all).  For this reason, Japanese hospitals have shown great anti-bacterial results with our particular patented brand of TiO2 solution. In addition, our Nano TiO2 liquid decomposes toxins that are discharged when microbes die (Verotoxins, Enterotoxins), rendering them into  harmless vapors.

  13. Exactly what types of odors will Nano TiO2 liquid eliminate? 

It will remove virtually all and any type of odor from surfaces as treated surfaces become resistant to microorganisms, mold, bacteria, viruses, smoke, odors, etc.  It removes odors from the air when a treated surface is exposed to certain light thus creating the photocatalytic oxidative superoxide ion and hydroxyl effect.  

 14. Does it work in cold environments such as freezers? Yes. Microbes that come in contact with a treated surface will cease to exist.

15. Does Nano TiO2 liquid get rid of cigarette odors from tar and  nicotine that have penetrated surfaces?  

Yes. If a second hand smoke contaminated surface (second hand smoke is known to have over 400 known cancer causing chemicals) is treated with TiO2 PCO Solution, the odor will soon disappear. However, the discoloration caused by second hand smoke does not disappear. It is therefore advisable to first wash smoke contaminated surfaces that show discoloration before treatment.   

 16. How does the intensity of light effect the ability of this Nano TiO2 liquid to create friendly oxidizers which purify the air?  

As a characteristic of titanium dioxide, it starts to produce friendly oxidizer en mass when exposed to  ultraviolet rays of 400nm range or lower.  It is more affected by the intensity of the ultraviolet rays rather than the intensity of light itself per se. However, any air pollution, VOC, or odor that comes in contact with a surface treated with Nano TiO2 liquid will become oxidized. 

 17.  What are some of the more popular applications for Nano TiO2 liquid?

 

Bathrooms, floor tiles, sinks, showers, car interiors, to remove and prevent tobacco odors, kitchen counters, furniture and carpets (especially if you have pets), curtains, mini-blinds, windows exposed to light, ceiling fans, car rims,  white outdoor furniture,  house gutters (keep them mold free),  concrete or brick  that  you want to keep mold free,  the list goes on and on.

18.  Can Nano TiO2 be applied to carpets?

Yes, and with great results! Carpets treated with Nano TiO2 will resist not only odors and grime but also pests such as fleas. Carpets will last much longer as well. For this reason, carpets and fabrics in trains and pubic transportation are now being treated with Nano TiO2 in Japan with great results.